راهنما:فرمول‌نویسی

نویسه‌های ریاضی ممکن است اشکال گوناگون داشته باشد. یک روش ریاضی‌نویسی در ویکی‌پدیا استفاده از دستورهای تِک(TeX) در ویرایشگر ویکی است. در این روش، عبارت‌های ریاضی با استفاده از نحو خاص تک نوشته می‌شوند و بین دو برچسب <math> و <‎/math> قرار می‌گیرند. بسته به تنظیمات کاربر، نمادهای ریاضی به صورت اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال یا به صورت یک تصویر نمایش خواهند یافت.

عبارت های چپ به راست در میان متن

برای نوشتن عبارتهای ریاضی یا فرمول هایی که چپ به راست هستند و درون متن قرار می‌گیرند برای درست نمایش دادن آنها از الگو الگو:الگو استفاده نمایید.

مقایسه تِک و اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال

پیش از آشنایی با نحوهٔ استفاده از تِک بهتر است بدانید که بعضی نوشته‌های تولید شده با تِک را می‌توان با دستورهای سادهٔ اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال نیز بدست آورد. الگو:چپ‌چین

TeX Syntax (forcing PNG)	TeX Rendering	HTML Syntax	HTML Rendering
<math>\alpha\,</math>	$\alpha$	&alpha;	α
<math>\sqrt{2}</math>	$\sqrt{2}$	&radic;2	√2
<math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math>	$\sqrt{1-e^2}$	&radic;(1-''e''&sup2;)	√(1-e²)

استفادهٔ اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال به جای تِک کماکان زیر سؤال است. ولی می‌توان نتیجه‌های زیر را در مورد آن اعلام کرد:

برتری‌های اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال

1. فرمول‌های اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال‌ همیشه در یک خط با ادامهٔ متن قرار می‌گیرد.
2. پس‌زمینه، قلم، رنگ و خصوصیات متن در فرمول مورد استفاده نیز به همان شکل خواهد بود و CSS‌ استفاده شده در صفحه نیز در فرمول ریاضی نیز اعمال خواهد شد.
3. امکان نوشتن فارسی.

برتری‌های تِک

1. ;تِک از نظر معنایی به اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال‌ برتری چشم‌گیری دارد. "<nowiki>x"</nowiki> در تِک به معنی «متغیر ریاضی $x$» ولی در اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال هر چیزی می‌تواند باشد.
2. تِک به طور مشخص برای حروف‌چینی فرمول‌های ریاضی ساخته شده و ورودی و خروجی آن مشخص‌تر و راضی‌ کننده ‌تر است. تقریباً تمام افرادی که به طور حرفه‌ای با ریاضیات سروکار دارند، با دستورهای آن آشنا هستند.
3. تِک قابل تبدیل به اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال‌ است ولی برعکس آن انجام پذیر نیست.
4. نگرانی بابت پشتیبانی مرورگرهای مختلف از خروجی تولید شده وجود ندارد.

توابع، علائم و کاراکترهای ویژه

مشخصه	Syntax	خروجی
Accents/Diacritics	\acute{a} \quad \grave{a} \quad \breve{a} \check{a} \quad \tilde{a}	$\acute{a}\stackrel{`}{a}\breve{a}$ $\check{a}\tilde{a}$
Std. functions (good)	\sin x + \ln y +\operatorname{sgn} z \sin a \ \cos b \ \tan c \cot d \ \sec e \ \csc f \sinh g \ \cosh h \ \tanh i \ \coth j \arcsin k \ \arccos l \ \arctan m \lim n \ \limsup o \ \liminf p \min q \ \max r \ \inf s \ \sup t \exp u \ \lg v \ \log w \ker x \ \deg x \gcd x \Pr x \det x \hom x \ \arg x \dim x	$\sin x+\ln y+\mathrm{sgn}z$ $\sin a\cos b\tan c$ $\cot d\sec e\csc f$ $\sinh g\cosh h\tanh i\coth j$ $\arcsin k\arccos l\arctan m$ $\lim n\mathrm{lim\; sup}o\mathrm{lim\; inf}p$ $\min q\max r\inf s\sup t$ $\exp u\lg v\log w$ $\ker x\mathrm{deg}x\gcd x\mathrm{Pr}x$ $\det x\mathrm{hom}x\arg x\dim x$
Std. functions (wrong)	sin x + ln y + sgn z	$sinx+lny+sgnz$
Modular arithmetic	s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} a \bmod b	$s_k\equiv 0(\mathrm{mod}m)$ $amodb$
Derivatives	\nabla \; \partial x \; dx \; \dot x \; \ddot y	$\mathrm{\nabla }\partial xdx\dot{x}\ddot{y}$
Sets (Square symbols may not work for some wikis)	\forall \; \exists \; \empty \; \emptyset \; \varnothing \in \ni \not\in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus	$\mathrm{\forall }\mathrm{\exists }\mathrm{\varnothing }\mathrm{\varnothing }\varnothing$ $\in \ni \in ̸\notin \subset \subseteq$ $\supset \supseteq \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup ⨄$
	\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup	$⊏⊑⊐⊒$ $\sqcap \bigsqcup ⨆$
Logic	p \land \wedge \; \bigwedge \; \bar{q} \to p \lor \; \vee \; \bigvee \; \lnot \; \neg q \setminus \; \smallsetminus	$p\wedge \wedge \bigwedge \overline{q}\to p$ $\vee \vee \bigvee \mathrm{\neg }\mathrm{\neg }q$ $\setminus \setminus$
Root	\sqrt{2}\approx 1.4	$\sqrt{2}\approx 1.4$
	\sqrt[n]{x}	$\sqrt[n]{x}$
Relations	\sim \; \approx \; \simeq \; \cong \le \; < \; \ll \; \gg \; \ge > \equiv \; \not\equiv \; \ne \; \propto \pm \; \mp	$\sim \approx \simeq \cong$ $\le <\ll \gg \ge >$ $\equiv \equiv ̸\ne \propto$ $\pm \mp$
Geometric	\Diamond \; \Box \; \triangle \; \angle \; \perp \; \mid \; \nmid \; \| \; 45^\circ	$◊◻\mathrm{△}\mathrm{\angle }\perp \mid \nmid \Vert 45^{\circ }$
Arrows (Harpoons may not work for some wikis)	\leftarrow \; \gets \; \rightarrow \; \to \leftrightarrow \; \longleftarrow \; \longrightarrow \mapsto \; \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \; \hookleftarrow \nearrow \; \searrow \; \swarrow \; \nwarrow \uparrow \; \downarrow \; \updownarrow	$\leftarrow \leftarrow \to \to$ $\leftrightarrow ⟵⟶$ $\mapsto ⟼$ $\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow$ $\nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow$ $\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow$
	\rightharpoonup \; \rightharpoondown \; \leftharpoonup \; \leftharpoondown \; \upharpoonleft \; \upharpoonright \; \downharpoonleft \; \downharpoonright	$\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright$
	\Leftarrow \; \Rightarrow \; \Leftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \; \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff) \Uparrow \; \Downarrow \; \Updownarrow	$\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \iff$ $⟸⟹$ $⟺(or⟺)$ $\Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow$
Special	\eth \; \S \; \P \; \% \; \dagger \; \ddagger \star \; * \; \ldots \smile \frown \wr	$\mathrm{ð}\mathrm{\S }\P \mathrm{\%}†‡$ $\star *\dots ⌣⌢\wr$
	\oplus \bigoplus \otimes \bigotimes \times \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot	$\oplus ⨁\otimes ⨂$ $\times \cdot \circ \bullet ⨀$
	\triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top \vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert	$◃▹\mathrm{\infty }\mathrm{\perp }\mathrm{\top }$ $⊢\models ⊩\models \Vert \Vert$
	\imath \; \hbar \; \ell \; \mho \; \Finv \Re \; \Im \; \wp \; \complement	$ı\hslash \ell \mho Ⅎ$ $\mathrm{\Re }\mathrm{\Im }\mathrm{\wp }\complement$
	\diamondsuit \; \heartsuit \; \clubsuit \; \spadesuit \Game \; \flat \; \natural \; \sharp	$\mathrm{♢}\mathrm{♡}\mathrm{♣}\mathrm{♠}$ $⅁\mathrm{♭}\mathrm{♮}\mathrm{♯}$
Lowercase \mathcal has some extras	\mathcal {45abcdenpqs}	$45𝒶𝒷𝒸𝒹ℯ𝓃𝓅𝓆𝓈$

اندیس، توان و انتگرال‌ها

ویژگی	Syntax	نحوهٔ نمایش خروجی
		HTML	PNG
Superscript	a^2	$a^2$	$a^2$
Subscript	a_2	$a_2$	$a_2$
Grouping	a^{2+2}	$a^{2+2}$	$a^{2+2}$
	a_{i,j}	$a_{i,j}$	$a_{i,j}$
Combining sub & super	x_2^3	$x_2^3$
Preceding sub & super	{}_1^2\!X_3^4	${}_1^2{X}_3^4$
Derivative (forced PNG)	x', y'', f', f''\!		$x^{\prime },y^{″},f^{\prime },f^{″}$
Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML)	x', y'', f', f''	$x^{\prime },y^{″},f^{\prime },f^{″}$	$x^{\prime },y^{″},f^{\prime },f^{″}$
Derivative (wrong in HTML)	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}	$x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }$	$x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }$
Derivative (wrong in PNG)	x\prime, y\prime\prime	$x\prime ,y\prime \prime$	$x\prime ,y\prime \prime$
Derivative dots	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}	$\dot{x},\ddot{x}$
Underlines, overlines, vectors	\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c	$\hat{a}\overline{b}\overrightarrow{c}$
	\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}	$\overrightarrow{ab}\overleftarrow{cd}\widehat{def}$
	\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}	$\overline{ghi}\underset{\_}{jkl}$
Overbraces	\begin{matrix} 5050 \ \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 } \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}5050\overbrace{1+2+\cdots +100}\end{array}$
Underbraces	\begin{matrix} \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z } \ 26 \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}\underbrace{a+b+\cdots +z}26\end{array}$
Sum	\sum_{k=1}^N k^2	$\sum _{k=1}^N{k}^2$
Sum (force \textstyle)	\begin{matrix} \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}\sum _{k=1}^N{k}^2\end{array}$
Product	\prod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\prod _{i=1}^N{x}_i$
Product (force \textstyle)	\begin{matrix} \prod_{i=1}^N x_i \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}\prod _{i=1}^N{x}_i\end{array}$
Coproduct	\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\coprod _{i=1}^N{x}_i$
Coproduct (force \textstyle)	\begin{matrix} \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}\coprod _{i=1}^N{x}_i\end{array}$
Limit	\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n	$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }{x}_n$
Limit (force \textstyle)	\begin{matrix} \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }{x}_n\end{array}$
Integral	\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$
Integral (force \textstyle)	\begin{matrix} \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{c}\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx\end{array}$
Double integral	\iint_{D}^{W} \, dx\,dy	$\underset{D}{\overset{W}{\iint }}dxdy$
Triple integral	\iiint_{E}^{V} \, dx\,dy\,dz	$\underset{E}{\overset{V}{\iiint }}dxdydz$
Quadruple integral	\iiiint_{F}^{U} \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt	$\underset{F}{\overset{U}{⨌}}dxdydzdt$
Path integral	\oint_{C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy	${\oint }_C{x}^{3}dx+4y^{2}dy$
Intersections	\bigcap_1^{n} p	$\bigcap _1^{n}p$
Unions	\bigcup_1^{k} p	$\bigcup _1^{k}p$

کسرها، ماتریس‌ها و روابط چندخطی

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Fractions	\frac{2}{4}=0.5	$\frac{2}{4}=0.5$
Small Fractions	\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5	$\frac{2}{4}=0.5$
Large (normal) Fractions	\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a	$\frac{2}{4}=0.5\frac{2}{c+\frac{2}{d+\frac{2}{4}}}=a$
Large (nested) Fractions	\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a	$\frac{2}{c+\frac{2}{d+\frac{2}{4}}}=a$
Binomial coefficients	\binom{n}{k}	$(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})$
Small Binomial coefficients	\tbinom{n}{k}	$(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})$
Large (normal) Binomial coefficients	\dbinom{n}{k}	$(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})$
Matrices	\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}$
	\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}	$\left|\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\right|$
	\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}	$\Vert \begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\Vert$
	\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \end{bmatrix}	$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& \cdots & 0\\ ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ 0& \cdots & 0\end{array}\right]$
	\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}	$\left\{\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\right\}$
	\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}	$\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\right)$
	\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr)	$\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)$
Case distinctions	f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}	$f(n)=\{\begin{array}{cc}n/2,& \text{if }n\text{ is even}\\ 3n+1,& \text{if }n\text{ is odd}\end{array}$
Multiline equations	\begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\ \end{align}	$\begin{array}{cc}f(x)& =(a+b{)}^2\\ & =a^2+2ab+b^2\\ \end{array}$
	\begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\ \end{alignat}	$\begin{array}{cc}f(x)& =(a-b{)}^2\\ & =a^2-2ab+b^2\\ \end{array}$
Multiline equations (must define number of colums used ({lcr}) (should not be used unless needed)	\begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}	$\begin{array}{ccc}z& =& a\\ f(x,y,z)& =& x+y+z\end{array}$
Multiline equations (more)	\begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}	$\begin{array}{ccc}z& =& a\\ f(x,y,z)& =& x+y+z\end{array}$
Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary	<math>f(x) \,\!</math> <math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math> <math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>	$f(x)$$=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_n{x}^n$$=a_0+a_{1}x+a_2{x}^2+\cdots$
Simultaneous equations	\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}	$\{\begin{array}{c}3x+5y+z\\ 7x-2y+4z\\ -6x+3y+2z\end{array}$
Arrays	\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0\\ \end{array}	$\begin{array}{ccc}a& b& S\\ 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& 1\\ 1& 0& 1\\ 1& 1& 0\end{array}$

الفبا و طرح حروف

Texvc cannot render arbitrary Unicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the below expressions. For others, such as Cyrillic, they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

Greek alphabet
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta	$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{E}\mathrm{Z}$
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu	$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{I}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{M}$
\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau	$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{\Xi }\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{P}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{T}$
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega	$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{X}\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Omega }$
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta	$\alpha \beta \gamma \delta ϵ\zeta$
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu	$\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu$
\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau	$\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau$
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega	$\upsilon \varphi \chi \psi \omega$
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa	$\epsilon ϝ\vartheta \varkappa$
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi	$\varpi \varrho \varsigma \phi$
Blackboard Bold/Scripts
\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}	$𝔸𝔹ℂ𝔻𝔼𝔽𝔾$
\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}	$ℍ𝕀𝕁𝕂𝕃𝕄$
\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}	$\mathbb{N}𝕆\mathbb{P}\mathbb{Q}ℝ𝕊𝕋$
\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}	$𝕌𝕍𝕎𝕏𝕐\mathbb{Z}$
boldface (vectors)
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}	$𝐀𝐁𝐂𝐃𝐄𝐅𝐆$
\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}	$𝐇𝐈𝐉𝐊𝐋𝐌$
\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}	$𝐍𝐎𝐏𝐐𝐑𝐒𝐓$
\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}	$𝐔𝐕𝐖𝐗𝐘𝐙$
\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}	$𝐚𝐛𝐜𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐠$
\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}	$𝐡𝐢𝐣𝐤𝐥𝐦$
\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}	$𝐧𝐨𝐩𝐪𝐫𝐬𝐭$
\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}	$𝐮𝐯𝐰𝐱𝐲𝐳$
\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}	$\mathrm{𝟎}\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{𝟐}\mathrm{𝟑}\mathrm{𝟒}$
\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}	$\mathrm{𝟓}\mathrm{𝟔}\mathrm{𝟕}\mathrm{𝟖}\mathrm{𝟗}$
Boldface (greek)
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}	$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{E}\mathrm{Z}$
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}	$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{I}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{M}$
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}	$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{\Xi }\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{P}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{T}$
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}	$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{X}\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Omega }$
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}	$\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{\beta }\mathit{\gamma }\mathit{\delta }\mathit{ϵ}\mathit{\zeta }$
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}	$\mathit{\eta }\mathit{\theta }\mathit{\iota }\mathit{\kappa }\mathit{\lambda }\mathit{\mu }$
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}	$\mathit{\nu }\mathit{\xi }\mathit{\pi }\mathit{\rho }\mathit{\sigma }\mathit{\tau }$
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}	$\mathit{\upsilon }\mathit{\varphi }\mathit{\chi }\mathit{\psi }\mathit{\omega }$
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}	$\mathit{\epsilon }\mathit{ϝ}\mathit{\vartheta }\mathit{\varkappa }$
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}	$\mathit{\varpi }\mathit{\varrho }\mathit{\varsigma }\mathit{\phi }$
Italics
\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}	$𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺$
\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}	$𝐻𝐼𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀$
\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}	$𝑁𝑂𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆𝑇$
\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}	$𝑈𝑉𝑊𝑋𝑌𝑍$
\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}	$𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑔$
\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}	$ℎ𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙𝑚$
\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}	$𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑞𝑟𝑠𝑡$
\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}	$𝑢𝑣𝑤𝑥𝑦𝑧$
\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}	$01234$
\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}	$56789$
Roman typeface
\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}	$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{G}$
\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}	$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{J}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{M}$
\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}	$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}$
\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}	$\mathrm{U}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{Z}$
\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}	$\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{g}$
\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}	$\mathrm{h}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{m}$
\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}	$\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{q}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}$
\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}	$\mathrm{u}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{w}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{z}$
\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}	$\mathrm{0}\mathrm{1}\mathrm{2}\mathrm{3}\mathrm{4}$
\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}	$\mathrm{5}\mathrm{6}\mathrm{7}\mathrm{8}\mathrm{9}$
Fraktur typeface
\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}	$𝔄𝔅ℭ𝔇𝔈𝔉𝔊$
\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}	$ℌ\Im 𝔍𝔎𝔏𝔐$
\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}	$𝔑𝔒𝔓𝔔\Re 𝔖𝔗$
\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}	$𝔘𝔙𝔚𝔛𝔜ℨ$
\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}	$𝔞𝔟𝔠𝔡𝔢𝔣𝔤$
\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}	$𝔥𝔦𝔧𝔨𝔩𝔪$
\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}	$𝔫𝔬𝔭𝔮𝔯𝔰𝔱$
\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}	$𝔲𝔳𝔴𝔵𝔶𝔷$
\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}	$01234$
\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}	$56789$
Calligraphy/Script
\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}	$𝒜ℬ𝒞𝒟ℰℱ𝒢$
\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}	$\mathscr{H}ℐ𝒥𝒦ℒℳ$
\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}	$𝒩𝒪𝒫𝒬ℛ𝒮𝒯$
\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}	$𝒰𝒱𝒲𝒳𝒴𝒵$
Hebrew
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth	$\mathrm{\aleph }\beth \gimel \daleth$

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
non-italicised characters	\mbox{abc}	$\text{abc}$	$\text{abc}$
mixed italics (bad)	\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}	$\text{if}n\text{is even}$	$\text{if}n\text{is even}$
mixed italics (good)	\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}	$\text{if }n\text{ is even}$	$\text{if }n\text{ is even}$
mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space)	\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}	$\text{if}n\text{is even}$	$\text{if}n\text{is even}$

پرانتزگذاری برای عبارت‌های بزرگ

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Bad	( \frac{1}{2} )	$(\frac{1}{2})$
Good	\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )	$\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)$

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Parentheses	\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )	$\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)$
Brackets	\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack	$\left[\frac{a}{b}\right]\left[\frac{a}{b}\right]$
Braces	\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace	$\left\{\frac{a}{b}\right\}\left\{\frac{a}{b}\right\}$
Angle brackets	\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle	$⟨\frac{a}{b}⟩$
Bars and double bars	\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|	$\left|\frac{a}{b}\right|\Vert \frac{c}{d}\Vert$
Floor and ceiling functions:	\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil	$\lfloor \frac{a}{b}\rfloor \lceil \frac{c}{d}\rceil$
Slashes and backslashes	\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash	$/\frac{a}{b}\backslash$
Up, down and up-down arrows	\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow	$\uparrow \frac{a}{b}\downarrow \Uparrow \frac{a}{b}\Downarrow \updownarrow \frac{a}{b}\Updownarrow$
Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right match	\left [ 0,1 \right ) \left \langle \psi \right |	$[0,1)$ $⟨\psi |$
Use \left. and \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear:	\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X	$\frac{A}{B}\}\to X$
Size of the delimiters	\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]	$\left(\right(\left(\right(\dots \left]\right]\left]\right]$
	\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle	$\left\{\right\{\left\{\right\{\dots ⟩⟩⟩⟩$
	\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|	$\Vert \Vert \Vert \Vert \dots \left|\right|\left|\right|$
	\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil	$\lfloor \lfloor \lfloor \lfloor \dots \rceil \rceil \rceil \rceil$
	\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow	$\uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \dots \Downarrow \Downarrow \Downarrow \Downarrow$
	\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow	$\updownarrow \updownarrow \updownarrow \updownarrow \dots \Updownarrow \Updownarrow \Updownarrow \Updownarrow$
	\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash	$////\dots \backslash \backslash \backslash \backslash$

فاصله‌گذاری

Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
double quad space	a \qquad b	$ab$
quad space	a \quad b	$ab$
text space	a\ b	$ab$
text space without PNG conversion	a \mbox{ } b	$ab$
large space	a\;b	$ab$
medium space	a\>b	[not supported]
small space	a\,b	$ab$
no space	ab	$ab$
small negative space	a\!b	$ab$

همراستاسازی با متن معمولی

Due to the default css

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like $\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$ should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <font style="vertical-align:-100%;"><math>...</math></font> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

ارائه به‌صورت فایل پی‌ان‌جی

To force the formula to render as PNG, add \, (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in preferences).

You can also use \,\! (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags. This does force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike \,.

This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).

For instance:

Syntax	How it looks rendered
a^{c+2}	$a^{c+2}$
a^{c+2} \,	$a^{c+2}$
a^{\,\!c+2}	$a^{c+2}$
a^{b^{c+2}}	$a^{b^{c+2}}$ (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}} \,	$a^{b^{c+2}}$ (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5	$a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5$ (due to "$\approx$" correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}	$a^{b^{c+2}}$
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$

This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.

You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:

<!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.-->

رنگ

Equations can use color:

• {\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{Brown}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}

  $x^2+2x-1$

• x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}

  $x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}$

See here for all named colors supported by LaTeX.

Note that color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See .

Commutative diagrams

To make a , there are three steps:

• Write the diagram in TeX
• Convert to * === Diagrams in TeX ===

Xy-pic (online manual) is the most power and general-purpose diagram package in TeX.

Simpler packages include:

• 's amscd
• Paul Taylor's diagrams
• François Borceux Diagrams

The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a to increase the in (suggested in : TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3):

\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage[all, ps, dvips]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package
                                % Using postscript driver for smoother curves
\usepackage{color}              % For invisible frame
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
\SelectTips{eu}{}     % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin

\xymatrix{ % The diagram is a 3x3 matrix
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}

$$}}} % end math, end frame
\end{document}

Convert to SVG

Once one has the TeX code, one can produce an SVG file via the following, which assume the TeX file is called comm.tex:

latex comm.tex
dvips -E -y 2500 -o comm.eps comm.dvi
eps2eps -dNOCACHE comm.eps comm2.eps
pstoedit -f sk comm2.eps comm.sk
inkscape -z -f comm.sk -l comm.svg

These produce a DVI file, convert it to EPS (rescaling by 2.5x), convert fonts to outlines, and convert to SVG via Sketch.

This assumes several pieces of software:

• a working TeX distribution, such as * * * === Upload the file ===

الگو:همچنین ببینید Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an SVG application, otherwise adjust the -y option to dvips.

Name

Make sure the file has a meaningful name.

Upload

Upload the file using own work upload.

Source code

Include the source code in the , in a section called ==TeX source==, so that the diagram can be edited in future. Include the complete .tex file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.

Include image

Now include the image on the original page via [[Image:Diagram.svg]]

A sample diagram is .

مثال‌ها

چندجمله‌ای درجه دوم

$a{x}^2+bx+c=0$

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>

چندجمله‌ای درجه دوم (پی‌ان‌جی)

$a{x}^2+bx+c=0$

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math>

ریشه درجه دوم

$x=\frac{-b\pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}$

<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

کسر و انواع پرانتز

$2=\left(\frac{(3-x)\times 2}{3-x}\right)$

<math>2 = \left(
 \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
 \right)</math>

$S_{\text{new}}=S_{\text{old}}-\frac{{(5-T)}^2}{2}$

 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
 

الگو:کوچکالگو:کوچکالگو:پایان کوچکالگو:پایان کوچک===انتگرال‌ها===

$\underset{a}{\overset{x}{\int }}\underset{a}{\overset{s}{\int }}f(y)dyds=\underset{a}{\overset{x}{\int }}f(y)(x-y)dy$

<math>\int_a^x \int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
 = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>

مجموع‌یابی و سیگما

$\sum _{m=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{m^{2}n}{3^m(m{3}^n+n{3}^m)}$

<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
 {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>

معادلات دیفرانسیل

$u^{″}+p(x)u^{\prime }+q(x)u=f(x),x>a$

<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>

اعداد مختلط

$|\overline{z}|=|z|,|(\overline{z}{)}^n|=|z{|}^n,\arg (z^n)=n\arg (z)$

<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
 |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
 \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>

حد

$\underset{z\to z_0}{\lim }f(z)=f(z_0)$

<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>

معادلات انتگرالی

${\varphi }_n(\kappa )=\frac{1}{4{\pi }^2{\kappa }^2}\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}\frac{\sin (\kappa R)}{\kappa R}\frac{\partial }{\partial R}\left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]dR$

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
 \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
 \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}
 \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>

--

${\varphi }_n(\kappa )=0.033C_n^2{\kappa }^{-11/3},\frac{1}{L_0}\ll \kappa \ll \frac{1}{l_0}$

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 
 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
 \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>

Continuation and cases

$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}1& -1\le x<0\\ \frac{1}{2}& x=0\\ 1-x^2& \text{otherwise}\end{array}$

<math>
 f(x) =
 \begin{cases}
 1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
 \end{cases}
 </math>

زیرنویس

${}_p{F}_q(a_1,...,a_p;c_1,...,c_q;z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(a_1{)}_n\cdot \cdot \cdot (a_p{)}_n}{(c_1{)}_n\cdot \cdot \cdot (c_q{)}_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}$

 <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,...,a_p;c_1,...,c_q;z)
 = \sum_{n=0}^\infty
 \frac{(a_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(c_q)_n}
 \frac{z^n}{n!}</math>

جستارهای وابسته

• تک
• لاتک
• فارسی‌تک

پیوندها

• ابزار نوشتن فرمول
• ابزار نوشتن فرمول
• وبگاه مدیاویکی
• تبدیل دست‌نوشته به فرمول ریاضی به فرمت مورد نیاز در ویکی